Heavy metals removal/stabilization from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash: a review and recent trends

Abstract Waste treatment using thermal technologies, such as incineration, leads to the production of pollutants and wastes, including fly ash (FA). Fly contains heavy metals (HMs) other contaminants can potentially pose high risks environment negatively impact health safety. Consequently, stabilizing prior either use or landfilling is crucial. The toxicity through metal leaching be assessed tests. rates primarily depend on surrounding conditions well properties speciation. Physical separation, extraction, solidification/chemical stabilization are proposed suitable approaches for treatment. Economic considerations, environmental concerns, energy consumption processing times define efficiency selection approach. This review considers latest findings compares advantages shortcomings different methods with aim highlighting recent advances in field. concludes that simultaneous implementation various lead highly efficient removal/stabilization while simultaneously taking economic considerations into account.